QHYJ treatment inhibited tumor growth and the expression of CXCL1, 2, and 8 in vivo.

<p>A. Effect of QYHJ on tumor growth in a subcutaneously transplanted tumor model. Capan1 cells (2 × 10⁶cells in 200 ml) were injected subcutaneously into the right axilla of each BALB/c-nu/nu nude mouse. The next day, the mice were orally treated with or without QYHJ. The mean tumor volumes of vehicle-treated (saline water) and QYHJ-treated tumors were measured. The mean ±standard deviation was determined in each treatment group. The tumor growth curves are shown in the upper panel, and photographs of subcutaneously transplanted tumors from both groups are shown in the lower panel. Student's t-test was used to determine the statistical significance. *<i>P</i> < .05 compared with the QYHJ-treated group. B. IHC staining for vimentin and α-SMA on sections of tumors to evaluate CAF proliferative activities. A arrow indicates fibroblast and arrowhead indicates pancreatic cancer cell. Original magnification, 200×. CAF proliferative activities (right) were quantitatively evaluated after calculating the ratio of the vimentin or α-SMA antibody-positive staining area to the total area in each field, and the mean value from ten fields under 200× microscopy are indicated. *<i>P</i> < 0.05. C. IHC staining using anti-CXCL1, 2, and 8 antibodies was performed using sections of transplanted tumors. Original magnification, ×200. The positive rates of CXCL1, 2, and 8 in tumors are shown on the right. Student's t-test was used to determine the statistical significance. *<i>P</i> < 0.05.