Proliferation and viability of RAW 264.7 cells under different metabolic conditions.

<p>Proliferation was monitored for 24 hours in the presence of LPS and expressed as the increase in total cellular protein in either control medium (25 mM glucose) or medium containing 2.5 µM oligomycin and 25 mM glucose (A), 10 mM 2-DG and 25 mM glucose (B), or 10 mM galactose and no glucose (C). Cell viability was also assessed for 24 hours under the same medium conditions in the presence of pSIVA apoptosis biosensor <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096786#pone.0096786-Kim2" target="_blank">[50]</a> (D). The appearance of the fluorescent pSIVA signal was recorded in real time and the total pixel area per frame was measured using Fiji Imaging software. An increase in the pSIVA pixel area correlates linearly with increase in the amount of apoptotic cells. Data in A–C represent means ± SEM of three independent experiments performed in triplicate and in D the averages of one experiment performed in triplicate. (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, unpaired t-test).