Aromatic pyruvates inhibit UVB-stimulated mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) in keratinocytes.

<p>Following UVB irradiation (60 mJ/cm²), HaCaT cells were treated with solvent (culture medium) or with 25 mM Pyr, PPyr, HPPyr, or IPyr for 6 h. Control, non-irradiated cells were treated with solvent alone. The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), and Cox-2 (C) were measured relative to that of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAPDH) by real-time PCR. Bars and error bars represent the means and standard deviations for three independent measurements. Bars with the same letter represent data that do not differ significantly from each other (Tukey’s test, <i>P</i><0.05).