BMP-2 induces cell migration by increasing dimensions of nanowaves.

<p>(a) Immunofluorescence staining of migrating pre-osteoblastic cells without and with BMP-2 after culturing for 12 h; the cells were stained for visualization of the actin filaments (green). (b) These same cells are taken with superresolution surface optical profilometry technique. (c) Magnifications show cell edge nanotopography on pre-osteoblast cells treated with BMP-2. (d) Magnifications show the typical membrane nanowaves nanotopography on pre-osteoblast cells treated with BMP-2. (e) Membrane-height profile along the migrated cell treated with BMP-2. In down, details of membrane nanowaves dimensions measurements. (f) Peak-to-valley amplitudes of membranes nanowaves versus the distances to cell edges of migrating cells treated with BMP-2 (n = 18).