Membrane nanowaves generation and propagation in collective-cell migration.

<p>(a) Phase-contrast Micrograph showing the progression of migrating cells after scratching. (b) Phase-contrast Micrograph of leader cell 12 h after scratching. (c) Peak-to-valley amplitudes of membranes nanowaves versus the distances to cell edges of migrating leader cells treated or not with BMP-2 (n = 11). (d) Magnification shows cell edge and membrane nanowaves of leader cells treated or not with BMP-2. There is a very active, ruffling lamellipodium. (e) Surface optical profilometry technique 3D view micrograph of collective-cell migration without and with BMP-2 treatment. (f) Mean pre-osteoblast cell velocity measured with and without BMP-2 treatment. (g) Graph showing membrane nanowaves number per 100 µm² with and without BMP-2 treatment. (h) Surface optical profilometry technique 3D view micrograph magnification of membrane waves shared by two migrating cells in the case of BMP-2 treatment.