Ankle position was variable among wingbeats.

<p>Variation in ankle motion amplitude and path. Letters α-ε each represent a separate wingbeat. The wingbeats are assigned alphabetically from greatest to smallest dorsoventral amplitude. (A) Angular amplitude of the ankle relative to the hip for flexion/extension (F/E) and abduction/adduction (Ab/Ad), separated by individual. A given letter within an individual is for a single wingbeat, across the F/E and Ab/Ad columns. When letters overlap, they are slightly offset along the horizontal axis. (B, C) Ankle motion over the wingbeat cycle, for a single wingbeat from each individual. Wingbeats were selected to convey the full range of kinematic variation. The orange circle indicates the left hip location in the insets, which provide expanded views. (B) Lateral view from late upstroke, (C) posterior view from early downstroke.