Imaging Approach to Mechanistic Study of Nanoparticle Interactions with the Blood–Brain Barrier

Understanding nanoparticle interactions with the central nervous system, in particular the blood–brain barrier, is key to advances in therapeutics, as well as assessing the safety of nanoparticles. Challenges in achieving insights have been significant, even for relatively simple models. Here we use a combination of live cell imaging and computational analysis to directly study nanoparticle translocation across a human <i>in vitro</i> blood–brain barrier model. This approach allows us to identify and avoid problems in more conventional inferential <i>in vitro</i> measurements by identifying the catalogue of events of barrier internalization and translocation as they occur. Potentially this approach opens up the window of applicability of <i>in vitro</i> models, thereby enabling in depth mechanistic studies in the future. Model nanoparticles are used to illustrate the method. For those, we find that translocation, though rare, appears to take place. On the other hand, barrier uptake is efficient, and since barrier export is small, there is significant accumulation within the barrier