Variation in Optoelectronic Properties of Azo Dye-Sensitized TiO₂ Semiconductor Interfaces with Different Adsorption Anchors: Carboxylate, Sulfonate, Hydroxyl and Pyridyl Groups

The optoelectronic properties of four azo dye-sensitized TiO₂ interfaces are systematically studied as a function of a changing dye anchoring group: carboxylate, sulfonate, hydroxyl, and pyridyl. The variation in optoelectronic properties of the free dyes and those in dye/TiO₂ nanocomposites are studied both experimentally and computationally, in the context of prospective dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. Experimental UV/vis absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and DSSC device performance testing reveal a strong dependence on the nature of the anchor of the optoelectronic properties of these dyes, both in solution and as dye/TiO₂ nanocomposites. First-principles calculations on both an isolated dye/TiO₂ cluster model (using localized basis sets) and each dye modeled onto the surface of a 2D periodic TiO₂ nanostructure (using plane wave basis sets) are presented. Detailed examination of these experimental and computational results, in terms of light harvesting, electron conversion and photovoltaic device performance characteristics, indicates that carboxylate is the best anchoring group, and hydroxyl is the worst, whereas sulfonate and pyridyl groups exhibit competing potential. Different sensitization solvents are found to affect critically the extent of dye adsorption achieved in the dye-sensitization of the TiO₂ semiconductor, especially where the anchor is a pyridyl group