Porcine sapovirus Cowden strain binding and infection requires carbohydrate moieties.

<p>LLC-PK cells were pretreated with 1 mM or 5 mM of NaIO₄ to remove carbohydrate moieties. (A) Alexa 594 or Alexa 594-labeled PSaV (MOI of 100 pfu/cell) were bound to pretreated LLC-PK cells, and were subsequently examined for bound virus by confocal microscopy. (B) ³⁵[S]Methionine/Cysteine-labeled PSaV, control FCV or CVB3 (50,000 c.p.m.) were bound to LLC-PK, CRFK or HeLa cells which were pretreated with or without NaIO₄. Binding of radio-labeled PSaV, FCV or CVB3 was measured by liquid scintillation counting. (C) PSaV (MOI of 0.1 pfu/cell) was inoculated to NaIO₄ pretreated LLC-PK cells, and was subsequently analyzed by immunofluorescence assay to detect the viral antigen VPg, using a rabbit polyclonal antibody 72 h post infection. (D) PSaV, FCV or CVB3 positive cells (%) were quantified in three independent microscope fields. All experiments were performed three independent times, and figures A and C show one representative set of results. The scale bars correspond to 20 µm. Error bars indicate SD from triplicate samples. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.005.