Differential Neutralizing Activities of a Single Domain Camelid Antibody (V_HH) Specific for Ricin Toxin’s Binding Subunit (RTB)

<div><p>Ricin, a member of the A-B family of ribosome-inactivating proteins, is classified as a Select Toxin by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention because of its potential use as a biothreat agent. In an effort to engineer therapeutics for ricin, we recently produced a collection of alpaca-derived, heavy-chain only antibody V_H domains (V_HH or “nanobody”) specific for ricin’s enzymatic (RTA) and binding (RTB) subunits. We reported that one particular RTB-specific V_HH, RTB-B7, when covalently linked via a peptide spacer to different RTA-specific V_HHs, resulted in heterodimers like V_HH D10/B7 that were capable of passively protecting mice against a lethal dose challenge with ricin. However, RTB-B7 itself, when mixed with ricin at a 1∶10 toxin:antibody ratio did not afford any protection <i>in vivo</i>, even though it had demonstrable toxin-neutralizing activity <i>in vitro</i>. To better define the specific attributes of antibodies associated with ricin neutralization <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, we undertook a more thorough characterization of RTB-B7. We report that RTB-B7, even at 100-fold molar excess (toxin:antibody) was unable to alter the toxicity of ricin in a mouse model. On the other hand, in two well-established cytotoxicity assays, RTB-B7 neutralized ricin with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) that was equivalent to that of 24B11, a well-characterized and potent RTB-specific murine monoclonal antibody. In fact, RTB-B7 and 24B11 were virtually identical when compared across a series of <i>in vitro</i> assays, including adherence to and neutralization of ricin after the toxin was pre-bound to cell surface receptors. RTB-B7 differed from both 24B11 and V_HH D10/B7 in that it was relatively less effective at blocking ricin attachment to receptors on host cells and was not able to form high molecular weight toxin:antibody complexes in solution. Whether either of these activities is important in ricin toxin neutralizing activity <i>in vivo</i> remains to be determined.</p>