Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion induced impaired cognitive performances on the hidden platform and visible platform tasks of MWM.

<p>(A) Experimental design. (B) The escape latency of rats in the training trials of hidden platform task. The 2-VO group showed significantly longer escape latencies than that of the sham group. (C) Representative pathways in the last training day and probe trial. (D) Percentage of time spent in the target quadrant in the probe trial showing memory impairment of the 2-VO rats. (E) Frequency of platform crossing in the probe trail. The 2-VO group showed significantly reduced frequency than that of the sham group. (F) Swimming speed in the probe trail. There is no difference between the 2-VO and sham group. (G) The escape latency of rats in the unfixed visible platform task. The 2-VO group showed significantly longer escape latencies than that of sham group. Values are expressed as mean ± SE; Sham group: n = 12; 2-VO group: n = 16; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 vs. sham group. Abbreviations: D, day’ IHC, immunohistochemistry; IBA, ionized calcium binding adapter; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; PSD-95, postsynaptic density protein-95; SNT, synaptophysin.