Arsenic Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Fe₃O₄-HBC Composite: Effect of Calcination on Adsorbents Performance

<div><p>The presence of elevated concentration of arsenic in water sources is considered to be health hazard globally. Calcination process is known to change the surface efficacy of the adsorbent. In current study, five adsorbent composites: uncalcined and calcined Fe₃O₄-HBC prepared at different temperatures (400°C and 1000°C) and environment (air and nitrogen) were investigated for the adsorptive removal of As(V) and As(III) from aqueous solutions determining the influence of solution's pH, contact time, temperature, arsenic concentration and phosphate anions. Characterizations from FTIR, XRD, HT-XRD, BET and SEM analyses revealed that the Fe₃O₄-HBC composite at higher calcination temperature under nitrogen formed a new product (fayalite, Fe₂SiO₄) via phase transformation. In aqueous medium, ligand exchange between arsenic and the effective sorbent site ( = FeOOH) was established from the release of hydroxyl group. Langmuir model suggested data of the five adsorbent composites follow the order: Fe₃O₄-HBC-1000°C(N₂)>Fe₃O₄-HBC (uncalcined)>Fe₃O₄-HBC-400°C(N₂)>Fe₃O₄-HBC-400°C(air)>Fe₃O₄-HBC-1000°C(air) and the maximum As(V) and As(III) adsorption capacities were found to be about 3.35 mg g⁻¹ and 3.07 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The adsorption of As(V) and As(III) remained stable in a wider pH range (4–10) using Fe₃O₄-HBC-1000°C(N₂). Additionally, adsorption data fitted well in pseudo-second-order (<i>R</i>²>0.99) rather than pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The adsorption of As(V) and As(III) onto adsorbent composites increase with increase in temperatures indicating that it is an endothermic process. Phosphate concentration (0.0l mM or higher) strongly inhibited As(V) and As(III) removal through the mechanism of competitive adsorption. This study suggests that the selective calcination process could be useful to improve the adsorbent efficiency for enhanced arsenic removal from contaminated water.</p>