<i>S. aureus</i> EVs induces necrotic cell death, in contrast to soluble α-hemolysin.

<p><b>A,</b> Micrographs of cell death by soluble α-hemolysin (3 µg/ml) and EVs (25 µg/ml). Pictures were taken under microscope at x 100 (upper panel) and x 200 (lower panel) magnification. Red arrows indicate ruptured cells. <b>B,</b> LDH levels in culture media after treatment with soluble α-hemolysin and EVs. <b>C,</b> HMGB-1 in culture media after treatment with soluble α-hemolysin and EVs. <b>D,</b> Flow cytometry analyses of annexin V and 7-AAD staining.