Relative environmental implications by life cycle stage.

<p>Only materials for which data for more than one life cycle stage was available are shown. Due to the aggregated nature of many of the data sets, in some instances the figure includes cumulative contributions from two life cycle stages (see legend). ^aThe human health implications (DALY/kg) and ecosystem damage (species.yr/kg) were calculated using the World ReCiPe Endpoint (H) impact assessment method v1.08 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0101298#pone.0101298-Goedkoop2" target="_blank">[106]</a>. They represent potential damages prior to normalization and weighting. *The relative breakdown of the environmental burden of Y₂O₃ production is similar to other rare earths (i.e., La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu), which are therefore not shown in this figure. ** The breakdown of the environmental burden of Ru production is similar to other platinum group metals (i.e., Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt) from primary ore, which are therefore not shown in this figure. FeCr = Ferrochromium. FeMn = Ferromanganese. FeNb = Ferroniobium. Elements in brackets indicate the host metal from which the metal is obtained as a co-product. SE = Sweden.