Induced Biomarkers: multiple-nephron maximum fold concentration increase.

<p>Induced biomarker concentration increases in Healthy, Hyperfiltering and CKD kidneys. Each line of iso-intensity represents the maximal fold increase of a preformed biomarker relative to the pre-injury concentration in a Healthy Kidney with 2 million nephrons and a GFR of . Four GFR scenarios (no change in GFR [ for Healthy and Hyperfiltering kidneys, and for CKD kidney], one-third, one-half, and two-thirds reduction in GFR) were combined with four nephron number scenarios (no loss [2 M for Healthy, 1.33 M for Hyperfiltering, and 0.67 M for CKD kidneys], one-third, one-half, and two-thirds loss) to produce 16 scenarios. From each of these the maximum fold increase in biomarker concentration was extracted. The iso-intensity lines of fold increase were then interpolated. All scenarios are for a peak at 6 hours (), half the total excretion occurs within 12 hours (), and a scaling factor () of 1000.