Negative Density Dependence Regulates Two Tree Species at Later Life Stage in a Temperate Forest

<div><p>Numerous studies have demonstrated that tree survival is influenced by negative density dependence (NDD) and differences among species in shade tolerance could enhance coexistence via resource partitioning, but it is still unclear how NDD affects tree species with different shade-tolerance guilds at later life stages. In this study, we analyzed the spatial patterns for trees with <i>dbh</i> (diameter at breast height) ≥2 cm using the pair-correlation <i>g</i>(<i>r</i>) function to test for NDD in a temperate forest in South Korea after removing the effects of habitat heterogeneity. The analyses were implemented for the most abundant shade-tolerant (<i>Chamaecyparis obtusa</i>) and shade-intolerant (<i>Quercus serrata</i>) species. We found NDD existed for both species at later life stages. We also found <i>Quercus serrata</i> experienced greater NDD compared with <i>Chamaecyparis obtusa</i>. This study indicates that NDD regulates the two abundant tree species at later life stages and it is important to consider variation in species' shade tolerance in NDD study.</p>