Hermaphrodites have evolved in three independent lineages in <i>Caenorhabditis.</i>

<p>Only species with sequenced genomes are shown. Androdioecious species (comprised of males and hermaphrodites) are marked with a red symbol, and the others are dioecious (comprised of males and females). The two species in blue are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, and the outgroup for the elegans group is orange. Modified from Kiontke et al. <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001916#pbio.1001916-Kiontke1" target="_blank">[14]</a> and Félix et al. <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001916#pbio.1001916-Flix1" target="_blank">[38]</a>. See main text for details on the types of male sperm.