Major threats affecting endemic palm species in Madagascar.

<p>Bar heights reflect number of species affected by each threat, as indicated in the 2012 IUCN conservation assessment <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103684#pone.0103684-IUCN1" target="_blank">[44]</a>. Threat categories follow the Threats Classification Scheme version 3.2 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103684#pone.0103684-International5" target="_blank">[51]</a>, using the top two levels of the hierarchy. Abbreviations: Residential & commercial development (Residential): Housing & urban areas (H&UA), Tourism & recreation areas (T&RA); Agriculture & aquaculture (Agriculture): Shifting agriculture (SA), Small-holder farming (SF), Scale unknown/unrecorded (SU), Nomadic grazing (NG), Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming (SG); Energy production & mining (Energy): Mining & quarrying (M&Q), Renewable energy (RE); Biological resource use (Biological): Gathering terrestrial plants, Intentional use (species being assessed is the target) (G:IU), Gathering terrestrial plants, unintentional use (G:UU), Logging & wood harvesting for subsistence, Intentional use: subsistence/small scale (species being assessed is the target) (LW: IS), Logging & wood harvesting, Intentional use: large scale (species being assessed is the target) (LW: IL); Logging & wood harvesting, Unintentional effects: subsistence/small scale (species being assessed is not the target) (LW: US), Logging & wood harvesting, Unintentional effects: large scale (species being assessed is not the target) (LW: UL); Natural system modifications (NSM): Increase in fire frequency (IF); Climate change & severe weather (Climate): Storm & flooding (SF).