Schematic of lung diseases and airflow dynamics.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Lung diseases subtypes: squamous cell cancer <i>(SCC)</i>, adenocarcinoma (AC), large cell cancer (LCC), and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and asthma. (<b>b</b>) Lung models with healthy and diseased conditions: Model A with normal airway structure, Model B with an adenocarcinoma at the carina ridge (carina tumor), Model C with a squamous cell carcinoma on a left segmental bronchus (bronchial tumor), and Model D with constricted segmental bronchi (asthma).