Quantitative Understanding of pH- and Salt-Mediated Conformational Folding of Histidine-Containing, β‑Hairpin-like Peptides, through Single-Molecule Probing with Protein Nanopores

Inter-amino acid residues electrostatic interactions contribute to the conformational stability of peptides and proteins, influence their folding pathways, and are critically important to a multitude of problems in biology including the onset of misfolding diseases. By varying the pH and ionic strength, the inter-amino acid residues electrostatic interactions of histidine-containing, β-hairpin-like peptides alter their folding behavior, and we studied this through quantifying, at the unimolecular level, the frequency, dwell-times of translocation events, and amplitude of blockades associated with interactions between such peptides and the α-hemolysin (α-HL) protein. Acidic buffers were shown to dramatically decrease the rate of peptide capture by the α-HL protein, through the interplay of enthalpic and entropic contributions brought about on the free energy barrier, which controls the peptides−α-HL association rate. We found that in acidic buffers, the amplitude of the blockage induced by an α-HL, β-barrel-residing peptide is smaller than the value seen at neutral pH, and this supports our interpretation of the pH-induced change in the conformation of the peptide, which behaves as a less-stable hairpin at acidic pH values that obstructs, to a lesser extent, the protein pore. This is also confirmed by the fact that the dissociation rate of such model peptide from the α-HL’s β-barrel is higher at acidic, as compared to neutral, pH values. Experiments performed in low-salt buffers revealed the dramatic decrease of the peptide capture rate by the α-HL protein, most likely caused by the increase in the radius of counterions cloud around the peptide that hinders peptide partition into the α-barrel, and histidines protonation at low pH bolsters this effect. Reduced electrostatic screening in low-salt buffers, at neutral pH, leads to a decrease in peptides effective cross-sectional areas and an increase of their mobility inside the α-HL pore, due most likely to the chain stretching augmentation, via increased inter-residues electrostatic interactions