Outer Membrane Vesicles Mediate Transport of Biologically Active <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> Cytolysin (VCC) from <i>V. cholerae</i> Strains

<div><p>Background</p><p>Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from Gram-negative bacteria can serve as vehicles for the translocation of virulence factors. <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> produce OMVs but their putative role in translocation of effectors involved in pathogenesis has not been well elucidated. The <i>V. cholerae</i> cytolysin (VCC), is a pore-forming toxin that lyses target eukaryotic cells by forming transmembrane oligomeric β-barrel channels. It is considered a potent toxin that contributes to <i>V. cholerae</i> pathogenesis. The mechanisms involved in the secretion and delivery of the VCC have not been extensively studied.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>OMVs from <i>V. cholerae</i> strains were isolated and purified using a differential centrifugation procedure and Optiprep centrifugation. The ultrastructure and the contents of OMVs were examined under the electron microscope and by immunoblot analyses respectively. We demonstrated that VCC from <i>V. cholerae</i> strain V:5/04 was secreted in association with OMVs and the release of VCC via OMVs is a common feature among <i>V. cholerae</i> strains. The biological activity of OMV-associated VCC was investigated using contact hemolytic assay and epithelial cell cytotoxicity test. It showed toxic activity on both red blood cells and epithelial cells. Our results indicate that the OMVs architecture might play a role in stability of VCC and thereby can enhance its biological activities in comparison with the free secreted VCC. Furthermore, we tested the role of OMV-associated VCC in host cell autophagy signalling using confocal microscopy and immunoblot analysis. We observed that OMV-associated VCC triggered an autophagy response in the target cell and our findings demonstrated for the first time that autophagy may operate as a cellular defence mechanism against an OMV-associated bacterial virulence factor.</p><p>Conclusion/Significance</p><p>Biological assays of OMVs from the <i>V. cholerae</i> strain V:5/04 demonstrated that OMV-associated VCC is indeed biologically active and induces toxicity on mammalian cells and furthermore can induce autophagy.</p>