Estimates of the Internet opex and embodied energy.

<p>*For simplicity and to avoid underestimating the cost of Internet traffic, the network operating expenditure (opex) and embodied energy (in kWh) are based on the maximum estimate of the operating energy intensity (3.61 kWh/GB) and embodied energy (3.33 kWh/GB) of the Internet. To calculate the opex in kWh, the bandwidth was converted to bytes per hour (or MB/h).</p><p>Estimates of the Internet opex and embodied energy.