Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in extra-intestinal compartments of PACAP-treated mice.

<p>Ileitis was induced by peroral infection of mice with <i>T. gondii</i> at day 0. Hepatic (A) IFN-γ, (B) TNF-α, (C) MCP-1, (D) IL-6, and (E) splenic TNF-α secretion were determined in overnight cultures of <i>ex vivo</i> biopsies derived from respective organs of mice following PACAP PACAP prophylactic treatment (Proph, white bars), PACAP therapy (Therap, gray bars), or placebo application (black bars) at day 7 post infection as compared to naïve animals (lined bars). Numbers of analyzed animals are given in parentheses. Mean values, standard errors of the mean, and significance levels as determined by the Mann-Whitney-U test are indicated. Data are pooled from three independent experiments.