Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in ilea of PACAP-treated mice.

<p>Ileitis was induced by peroral infection of mice with <i>T. gondii</i> at day 0. (A) IL-23p19 and (B) IL-22 mRNA expression levels (by RT-PCR) as well as (C) IFN-γ and (D) MCP-1 protein concentrations (by CBA) were determined in <i>ex vivo</i> ileum biopsies obtained from mice following PACAP prophylactic treatment (Proph, white bars), PACAP therapy (Therap, gray bars), or placebo application (black bars) at day 7 post infection as compared to naïve animals (lined bars). mRNA expression levels are expressed as fold changes relative to HPRT mRNA expression (Arbitrary Units). Numbers of analyzed animals are given in parentheses. Mean values, standard errors of the mean, and significance levels as determined by the Mann-Whitney-U test are indicated. Data are pooled from three independent experiments.