Expression, phosphorylation and DNA-binding activity of STAT3 after RF exposure in microglia and astrocytes.

<p>(A) Western blot assay for STAT3 expression and phosphorylation in microglial N9 cells. (B) Western blot assay for STAT3 expression and phosphorylation in C8-D1A cells. Upper panel: representative image of immunoblotting for total and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) after RF exposure. Lower histogram: densitometric analysis of the western blotting bands. (C) EMSA assay for DNA-binding activity of STAT3 in N9 cells. (D) EMSA assay for DNA-binding activity of STAT3 in C8-D1A cells. NG: negative control. Unlabelled STAT3 probes were used as competitors at a 50-fold concentration. Values are mean ± SEM for three independent experiments. ^*p<0.05, ^**p<0.01 compared with corresponding sham groups.