Highly Efficient CdS/WO₃ Photocatalysts: Z‑Scheme Photocatalytic Mechanism for Their Enhanced Photocatalytic H₂ Evolution under Visible Light

Natural photosynthesis is usually recognized as an efficient mechanism to achieve solar energy conversion. We construct a CdS/WO₃ nanojunction achieving a Z-scheme for clean hydrogen fuel evolution by mimicking the natural photosynthesis. Although WO₃ alone cannot be used for H₂ evolution from water splitting, it can significantly increase the H₂ evolution activity of CdS through a Z-scheme mechanism with lactate as electron donor. The CdS/WO₃ photocatalyst has a high H₂ evolution rate of 369 μmol g^–1 h^–1 at a CdS concentration of 20 wt %, which is 5 times as high as that of CdS with lactic acid as electron donor. For further improving the hydrogen production rate, we introduce the noble metal Pt to ameliorate the charge transport between CdS and WO₃. Good H₂ evolution rates up to 2900 μmol g^–1 h^–1 were obtained with WPC3, which is about 7.9 times the rate of WC20 with visible radiation. The interesting thing is that the photocatalytic mechanism of CdS/WO₃ is different from the previously reported mechanism. The results of TPV (transient photovoltage) and SPV (surface photovoltage) indicate that the Z-scheme system of CdS/WO₃ can effectively promote charge separation and depress the charges recombining of photogenerated charge in CdS, based on the Z-scheme mechanism, resulting in efficient H₂ production activity under visible light