HPSE signals via TLR4 to upregulate cytokine expression.

<p>Mouse splenocytes isolated from WT and TLR4^−/− mice were treated with HPSE (10 µg/mL) or LPS (100 nM) for the indicated time, before the supernatant was analysed via a mouse CBA pro-inflammatory cytokine assay for MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF. Statistical analysis was performed on WT and TLR4^−/− HPSE treated cells, as well as TLR4^−/− LPS and HPSE treated cells. Data represent the mean ±SEM (n = 5). *p = <0.05, **p = <0.001; unpaired, two-tailed Student's t-test.