Exacerbation of Autoimmune Neuro-Inflammation in Mice Cured from Blood-Stage <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> Infection

<div><p>The thymus plays an important role shaping the T cell repertoire in the periphery, partly, through the elimination of inflammatory auto-reactive cells. It has been shown that, during <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> infection, the thymus is rendered atrophic by the premature egress of CD4⁺CD8⁺ double-positive (DP) T cells to the periphery. To investigate whether autoimmune diseases are affected after <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> NK65 infection, we immunized C57BL/6 mice, which was previously infected with <i>P.berghei</i> NK65 and treated with chloroquine (CQ), with MOG_35–55 peptide and the clinical course of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) was evaluated. Our results showed that NK65+CQ+EAE mice developed a more severe disease than control EAE mice. The same pattern of disease severity was observed in MOG_35–55-immunized mice after adoptive transfer of <i>P.berghei</i>-elicited splenic DP-T cells. The higher frequency of IL-17⁺- and IFN-γ⁺-producing DP lymphocytes in the Central Nervous System of these mice suggests that immature lymphocytes contribute to disease worsening. To our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate the possible relationship between malaria and multiple sclerosis through the contribution of the thymus. Notwithstanding, further studies must be conducted to assert the relevance of malaria-induced thymic atrophy in the susceptibility and clinical course of other inflammatory autoimmune diseases.</p>