Revision of the fossil rodent <i>Acaremys</i> Ameghino, 1887 (Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea, Acaremyidae) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the description of a new acaremyid

<div><p>Within South American rodents, the Acaremyidae is an independent fossil lineage of octodontoids represented in the late Oligocene–middle Miocene of Patagonia. <i>Acaremys</i> is represented by six species recorded in the early Miocene, which have not been re-studied since their original description. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses suggest that <i>Acaremys</i> is paraphyletic. Three species are valid, <i>Acaremys</i><i>murinus</i>, <i>Acaremys</i><i>major</i>, and <i>Acaremys</i><i>messor</i>. <i>Acaremys</i><i>karaikensis</i> is a junior synonym of <i>Acaremys</i><i>murinus</i>. ‘<i>Acaremys</i>’ <i>tricarinatus</i> is excluded from the genus being closely related to <i>Sciamys</i>. The new species, <i>Pseudoacaremys kramarzi</i>, is closely related to ‘<i>Acaremys</i>’ <i>tricarinatus</i> and <i>Sciamys</i>. ‘<i>Acaremys</i>’ <i>preminutus</i> is excluded from the family being closely related to the early Miocene <i>Protacaremys prior</i>, or living octodontoids. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Acaremyidae includes <i>Platypittamys</i>, <i>Galileomys</i>, <i>Acaremys</i>, <i>Pseudoacaremys</i> and <i>Sciamys</i>. The new acaremyid increases the diversity of extinct octodontoids and added a new evolutionary lineage within Acaremyidae. The evolutionary history of the superfamily suggests that the hypsodonty and the consequently occlusal simplification evolved twice within Octodontoidea: in Acaremyidae and in Octodontidae. In addition, the cladistic analysis confirmed that most character ambiguities are due to missing data, and hence, it is essential to find better remains to elucidate the relationships among acaremyids.</p>