Effects of podocalyxin (PODX)/β-catenin (β-cat) signaling on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell invasion.

<p>In vitro cell invasion assays were performed in (<i>A</i>) LN-229 and (<i>B</i>) U-118 MG GBM cells. Invading cells were fixed and counted in normal control cells (NC), cells stably transfected with the empty pcDNA3.1 vector (VC), cells stably transfected with PODX, cells stably transfected with PODX and treated with selective p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD169316 (25 µM) for 30 hours (PODX+PD), cells stably transfected with PODX and treated with selective β-cat signaling inhibitor CCT031374 (50 µM) for 30 hours (PODX+CCT), cells stably transduced with scramble control shRNA (SC), cells stably transduced with PODX-shRNA, and cells stably transduced with PODX-shRNA and stably transfected with constitutively active (ΔN151) β-cat (PODX-shRNA+active-cat). Representative cell invasion images are shown. ^a<i>p</i><0.05 vs. controls (NC, VC and SC); ^b<i>p</i><0.05 vs. PODX; ^c<i>p</i><0.05 vs. PODX+PD; ^d<i>p</i><0.05 vs. PODX+CCT; ^e<i>p</i><0.05 vs. PODX-shRNA.