Confocal micrographs and quantification of human endothelial cell protein expression (red) after 1 day culture on 0.5 µm gratings and unpatterned sub-patterns of Ti and Si substrates, and tissue culture plastic: A) vWF; and B) VCAM-1.

<p>Nuclei (blue) were cross-stained using Hoechst 33342. Double arrows indicate grating direction. Data = mean ± SEM (**p = 0.01, ***p = 0.001; unpaired samples T-test, n = 10).