Inference of the Oxidative Stress Network in <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> upon <i>Plasmodium</i> Infection

<div><p>Ookinete invasion of <i>Anopheles</i> midgut is a critical step for malaria transmission; the parasite numbers drop drastically and practically reach a minimum during the parasite's whole life cycle. At this stage, the parasite as well as the vector undergoes immense oxidative stress. Thereafter, the vector undergoes oxidative stress at different time points as the parasite invades its tissues during the parasite development. The present study was undertaken to reconstruct the network of differentially expressed genes involved in oxidative stress in <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> during <i>Plasmodium</i> development and maturation in the midgut. Using high throughput next generation sequencing methods, we generated the transcriptome of the <i>An. stephensi</i> midgut during <i>Plasmodium vinckei petteri</i> oocyst invasion of the midgut epithelium. Further, we utilized large datasets available on public domain on <i>Anopheles</i> during <i>Plasmodium</i> ookinete invasion and <i>Drosophila</i> datasets and arrived upon clusters of genes that may play a role in oxidative stress. Finally, we used support vector machines for the functional prediction of the un-annotated genes of <i>An. stephensi</i>. Integrating the results from all the different data analyses, we identified a total of 516 genes that were involved in oxidative stress in <i>An. stephensi</i> during <i>Plasmodium</i> development. The significantly regulated genes were further extracted from this gene cluster and used to infer an oxidative stress network of <i>An. stephensi</i>. Using system biology approaches, we have been able to ascertain the role of several putative genes in <i>An. stephensi</i> with respect to oxidative stress. Further experimental validations of these genes are underway.</p>