Sensory Anatomy and Sensory Ecology of <i>Vintana Sertichi</i> (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

<div><p>ABSTRACT—Living mammals are distinguished from other extant tetrapods by adaptations for improved senses of hearing, touch, and smell. These adaptations, and concomitant reductions in visual anatomy, evolved during the Mesozoic in the mammalian and therian stem lineages. Here, we present a comparative study of the sensory anatomy of the Late Cretaceous gondwanatherian mammaliaform <i>Vintana sertichi</i> in order to draw inferences regarding its sensory abilities and sensory ecology. Our analyses demonstrate that <i>Vintana</i> has relatively large orbits that may have accommodated large eyes. <i>Vintana</i> also possessed cochlear primary and secondary osseous laminae and a cochlear canal that was relatively longer than in non-mammaliaform cynodonts but shorter than in extant therians. These features suggest that <i>Vintana</i> had some capacity for high-frequency hearing (i.e., >20 kHz), but that its cochlea may have encoded a more limited range of frequencies than the cochleas of most extant therians. The semicircular canals of <i>Vintana</i> have large radii of curvature and are nearly orthogonal, suggesting high sensitivity to angular head accelerations. These vestibular features may have evolved in order to stabilize large eyes during rapid and/or agile locomotion. Combined with evidence for large olfactory bulbs and a large trigeminal endocast, these data reveal that <i>Vintana</i> possessed a unique suite of sensory adaptations that distinguish it from other Mesozoic mammaliaforms. If these inferences are correct, then <i>Vintana</i> was probably a large-eyed and agile species, with a keen sense of smell and better high-frequency hearing than most other Mesozoic mammaliaforms.</p><p>SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP</p>