The effect of road density (km roads/km²) population trend (λ) assuming reproductive state specific survival (left, <b>Fig. 2</b>) and pooled adult female survival rates (right, <b>Fig. 2</b>) of grizzly bears in Alberta, Canada.

<p>Grey lines indicate 95% confidence intervals for predictions. The horizontal dashed line indicates population stability (λ = 1). The dashed vertical lines indicate threshold road densities where lambda = 1.