Aqueous Fraction of <i>Beta vulgaris</i> Ameliorates Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Mice due to Enhanced Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion, Mediated by Acetylcholine and GLP-1, and Elevated Glucose Uptake via Increased Membrane Bound GLUT4 Transporters

<div><p>Background</p><p>The study was designed to investigate the probable mechanisms of anti-hyperglycemic activity of <i>B. Vulgaris</i>.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>Aqueous fraction of <i>B. Vulgaris</i> extract was the only active fraction (50mg/kg). Plasma insulin level was found to be the highest at 30 mins after <i>B. Vulgaris</i> administration at a dose of 200mg/kg. <i>B. Vulgaris</i> treated mice were also assayed for plasma Acetylcholine, Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP), Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP), Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), Pancreatic Polypeptides (PP), and Somatostatin, along with the corresponding insulin levels. Plasma Acetylcholine and GLP-1 significantly increased in <i>B. Vulgaris</i> treated animals and were further studied. Pharmacological enhancers, inhibitors, and antagonists of Acetylcholine and GLP-1 were also administered to the test animals, and corresponding insulin levels were measured. These studies confirmed the role of acetylcholine and GLP-1 in enhanced insulin secretion (p<0.05). Principal signaling molecules were quantified in isolated mice islets for the respective pathways to elucidate their activities. Elevated concentrations of Acetylcholine and GLP-1 in <i>B. Vulgaris</i> treated mice were found to be sufficient to activate the respective pathways for insulin secretion (p<0.05). The amount of membrane bound GLUT1 and GLUT4 transporters were quantified and the subsequent glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis were assayed. We showed that levels of membrane bound GLUT4 transporters, glucose-6-phosphate in skeletal myocytes, activity of glycogen synthase, and level of glycogen deposited in the skeletal muscles all increased (p<0.05).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Findings of the present study clearly prove the role of Acetylcholine and GLP-1 in the Insulin secreting activity of <i>B. Vulgaris</i>. Increased glucose uptake in the skeletal muscles and subsequent glycogen synthesis may also play a part in the anti-hyperglycemic activity of <i>B. Vulgaris</i>.</p>