Mouse models in this study.

<p>(a) Scheme of this study. C57BL/6 mice fed HFD for 16 weeks and some of the DIO mice underwent OVA sensitization and challenge (DIO-OVA). Some of the DIO-OVA mice were treated with TNF-α neutralizing antibody for TNF-α blockade or a Cl₂MDP-containing liposome for alveolar macrophage depletion. For the treatment of obesity, the DIO-OVA mice performed voluntary exercise (DIO-OVA-Ex) or underwent dietary restriction (DIO-OVA-N) after 12 weeks of HFD feeding. (b) Body weight and (c) blood glucose tolerance was measured at the end of 16 weeks after HFD feeding. *, Statistical significance to lean mice (p<0.05); ^#, Statistical significance to DIO mice. <i>i.p.</i>, intraperitoneal injection; <i>i.n.</i>, intranasal injection; <i>TNF</i>, TNF-α neutralizing antibody. Error bars indicated mean±SEM of five mice per group. All data are representative of three independent experiments.