Bacteria upregulate chemerin expression in epidermis.

<p>Keratinocytes were treated with the indicated factors for 24 (A, B, E) or 48h (C, D). Total RNA was subjected to RT-QPCR. Relative expression of stimulated cells over control is shown as the mean ±SD from five-nine independent experiments (A, C). Levels of secreted chemerin were determined in parallel in conditioned media by ELISA. Data show the mean ±SD from five-nine independent experiments (B, D). Statistical significance between control and the treated cells is shown by asterisk; *p<0.05 by ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test. E. c., <i>E. coli</i>; HK, heat-killed; SN, supernatant; S. a., <i>S. aureus</i>; A, ampicillin-treated. Microscope images of keratinocytes stained with hematoxilin and eosin (H&E) and fluorescence microscope images of keratinocytes stained for chemerin (chem) or control rabbit Abs (cAb) (red), with Hoechst counterstain to detect cell nuclei (blue). Scale bar = 10 μm. Data are representative of three different donors. SC, stratum corneum, SG, stratum granulosum, SS, stratum spinosum, SB stratum basale, TM transwell membrane (E).