Description of a Nanobody-based Competitive Immunoassay to Detect Tsetse Fly Exposure

<div><p>Background</p><p>Tsetse flies are the main vectors of human and animal African trypanosomes. The Tsal proteins in tsetse fly saliva were previously identified as suitable biomarkers of bite exposure. A new competitive assay was conceived based on nanobody (Nb) technology to ameliorate the detection of anti-Tsal antibodies in mammalian hosts.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>A camelid-derived Nb library was generated against the <i>Glossina morsitans morsitans sialome</i> and exploited to select Tsal specific Nbs. One of the three identified Nb families (family III, TsalNb-05 and TsalNb-11) was found suitable for anti-Tsal antibody detection in a competitive ELISA format. The competitive ELISA was able to detect exposure to a broad range of tsetse species (<i>G. morsitans morsitans</i>, <i>G. pallidipes</i>, <i>G. palpalis gambiensis</i> and <i>G. fuscipes</i>) and did not cross-react with the other hematophagous insects (<i>Stomoxys calcitrans</i> and <i>Tabanus yao</i>). Using a collection of plasmas from tsetse-exposed pigs, the new test characteristics were compared with those of the previously described <i>G. m. moristans</i> and rTsal1 indirect ELISAs, revealing equally good specificities (> 95%) and positive predictive values (> 98%) but higher negative predictive values and hence increased sensitivity (> 95%) and accuracy (> 95%).</p><p>Conclusion/Significance</p><p>We have developed a highly accurate Nb-based competitive immunoassay to detect specific anti-Tsal antibodies induced by various tsetse fly species in a range of hosts. We propose that this competitive assay provides a simple serological indicator of tsetse fly presence without the requirement of test adaptation to the vertebrate host species. In addition, the use of monoclonal Nbs for antibody detection is innovative and could be applied to other tsetse fly salivary biomarkers in order to achieve a multi-target immunoprofiling of hosts. In addition, this approach could be broadened to other pathogenic organisms for which accurate serological diagnosis remains a bottleneck.</p>