Large-Scale Production of Size-Controlled MoS₂ Nanosheets by Shear Exfoliation

In order to fulfill their potential for applications, it will be necessary to develop large-scale production methods for two-dimensional (2D) inorganic nanosheets. Here we demonstrate the large-scale shear-exfoliation of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets in aqueous surfactant solution using a kitchen blender. Using standard procedures, we measure how the MoS₂ concentration and production rate scale with processing parameters. However, we also use recently developed methods based on optical spectroscopy to simultaneously measure both nanosheet lateral size and thickness, allowing us to also study the dependence of nanosheet dimensions on processing parameters. We found the nanosheet concentration and production rates to depend sensitively on the mixing parameters (the MoS₂ concentration, <i>C</i>_i; the mixing time, <i>t</i>; the liquid volume, <i>V</i>; and the rotor speed, <i>N</i>). By optimizing mixing parameters, we achieved concentrations and production rates as high as 0.4 mg/mL and 1.3 mg/min, respectively. Conversely, the nanosheet size and thickness were largely invariant with these parameters. The nanosheet concentration is also extremely sensitive to the surfactant concentration. However, more interestingly the nanosheet lateral size and thickness also varied strongly with the surfactant concentration. This allows the mean nanosheet dimensions to be controlled during shear exfoliation at least in the range ∼40–220 nm for length and ∼2–12 layers for thickness. We demonstrate the importance of this by showing that the MoS₂ nanosheets prepared using different surfactant concentrations, and so displaying different nanosheets sizes, perform differently when used as hydrogen evolution catalysts. We find the nanosheets produced using high surfactant concentrations, which gives smaller flake sizes, perform significantly better, consistent with catalysis occurring at nanosheet edges. Finally, we also demonstrate that shear exfoliation using a kitchen blender is not limited to MoS₂ but can also be achieved for boron nitride and tungsten disulfide