Transmission electron microscopy (4000x) showing that ursolic acid increases the number of autophagic vacuoles in rat mesangial cells.

<p>(A) TEM micrograph: the “N” represents nucleus and the arrows indicate autophagosomes. Numerous autophagic vacuoles with typical double-layer membrane structures containing undigested organelle remnants are indicated with arrows. Bar = 5 μm. (B) The number of autophagosomes was counted in 10 randomly selected cells. #, P<0.01 vs. NG; *, P<0.05 vs. HG; **, P<0.01 vs. HG.