Anti-TNF antibody prevented the effects of IFNγ on infection of astrocytes by <i>T. cruzi</i>.

<p>(A) Primary astrocyte cell cultures were treated or not with IFNγ (10 ng/mL) in the absence or presence of anti-TNF (10 μg/mL), infected using MOI 10:1, and analyzed 4 hours post-infection (p.i.). (B) Graph shows the mean number of parasites per 100 cells. (C) Representative pictures of IFNγ pretreated astrocytes and infected in the absence or presence of anti-TNF. (D) The graph shows the frequencies of <i>T. cruzi</i>-infected cells bearing different numbers of intracellular forms of the parasite. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of triplicates. **, <i>p</i> < 0.01 and ***, <i>p</i> < 0.001 comparing IFNγ-pretreated astrocytes with not-treated (NT) cells; ^##, <i>p</i> < 0.01 comparing IFNγ pretreated astrocytes in absence or presence of anti-TNF.