Influenza virus enhances exposure of TF antigen and cytokines secretion in intestinal cells.

<p>A) Caco-2 cells were infected with PR8 at 0.2 and 0.8 MOI and maintained for 4, 6 and 24 hrs at 37°C. Cells were fixed and incubated with anti-TF Ab in PR8 infected cells and in the control cells (Mock-I) as described in Methods. Results are shown for one representative experiment of the three performed at magnification of 100X. B) Viral replication was assessed by haemagglutination (HAU/ml) assays in the supernatant of infected cells. C) Cells were infected at 0.8 MOI and supernatants were collected at 24 and 48 hrs p.i. The concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and RANTES) was measured by Bioplex multiplex assay. Data are expressed as fold induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in infected cells relative to control cells. The graphs represent cumulative results of two different experiments.