Superior working memory and long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollutants.

<p>Each dot depicts a school, with size proportional to the number of children. The cognitive development per school was estimated in a model with school and individual as random effects. The slope of the red line depicts the change in cognitive development as a function of the air pollutants, adjusted for age, sex, maternal education, residential neighborhood socioeconomic status, and air pollution exposure at home; school and individual as nested random effects in 2,715 children and 10,112 tests from 39 schools. Gray shading indicates 95% CI. out, outdoors (courtyard); in, indoors (classroom).