Evaluation and Selection of Candidate Reference Genes for Normalization of Quantitative RT-PCR in <i>Withania somnifera</i> (L.) Dunal

<div><p>Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is now globally used for accurate analysis of transcripts levels in plants. For reliable quantification of transcripts, identification of the best reference genes is a prerequisite in qRT-PCR analysis. Recently, <i>Withania somnifera</i> has attracted lot of attention due to its immense therapeutic potential. At present, biotechnological intervention for the improvement of this plant is being seriously pursued. In this background, it is important to have comprehensive studies on finding suitable reference genes for this high valued medicinal plant. In the present study, 11 candidate genes were evaluated for their expression stability under biotic (fungal disease), abiotic (wounding, salt, drought, heat and cold) stresses, in different plant tissues and in response to various plant growth regulators (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, abscisic acid). The data as analyzed by various software packages (geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and ΔCt method) suggested that cyclophilin (<i>CYP</i>) is a most stable gene under wounding, heat, methyl jasmonate, different tissues and all stress conditions. <i>T-SAND</i> was found to be a best reference gene for salt and salicylic acid (SA) treated samples, while 26S ribosomal RNA (<i>26S</i>), ubiquitin (<i>UBQ</i>) and beta-tubulin (<i>TUB</i>) were the most stably expressed genes under drought, biotic and cold treatment respectively. For abscisic acid (ABA) treated samples <i>18S-rRNA</i> was found to stably expressed gene. Finally, the relative expression level of the three genes involved in the withanolide biosynthetic pathway was detected to validate the selection of reliable reference genes. The present work will significantly contribute to gene analysis studies in <i>W</i>. <i>somnifera</i> and facilitate in improving the quality of gene expression data in this plant as well as and other related plant species.</p>