Analysis of Resistance to Antimicrobials and Presence of Virulence/Stress Response Genes in <i>Campylobacter</i> Isolates from Patients with Severe Diarrhoea

<div><p><i>Campylobacter</i> infections are a major cause of diarrhoea world-wide and two of the antimicrobials used for their control (erythromycin and ciprofloxacin) have been losing efficacy in recent years. In a sample of 174 genotyped isolates from the stools of patients with severe diarrhoea in Qatar, collected between 2005 and 2012, 63.2% showed resistance to ciprofloxacin, 8.6% to erythromycin, 0.57% to chloramphenicol and all were sensitive to gentamycin. While 33.9% of isolates were sensitive to all four antimicrobials, 59.8% were resistant to at least one, 6.3% were resistant to two and none showed resistance to three antimicrobials. There was no host sex- or age-dependence among isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin and no significant variation was found with the region of origin of the patients. All isolates were screened for the presence of 3 virulence factors (<i>ciaB</i>, <i>cadF</i> and <i>cdtB</i>) and two stress-response factors (<i>htrB</i> and <i>clpP</i>), all of which were present in more than 50% of the isolates. Host sex-, age- and region of origin-dependent variations in prevalence were found for some of these factors. Data analysis for the combination of virulence factors and their effect on antimicrobial resistance indicated that the prevalence of resistance to both erythromycin and ciprofloxacin was higher in isolates harbouring <i>ciaB</i> but not <i>clpP</i>. Prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin was similar in <i>clpP</i> positive and negative isolates also possessing <i>htrB</i>, while for <i>htrB</i>-negative isolates prevalence was higher in the absence of <i>clpP</i>. These results are discussed and their implications are highlighted.</p>