The Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Receptor Specificity of the {alpha}-Conotoxin Vc1.1

The {alpha}-conotoxin Vc1.1 is a small disulfide-bonded peptide currently in development as a treatment for neuropathic pain. This study describes the synthesis, determination of the disulfide connectivity, and the determination of the three-dimensional structure of Vc1.1 using NMR spectroscopy. Vc1.1 was shown to inhibit nicotine-evoked membrane currents in isolated bovine chromaffin cells in a concentration-dependent manner and preferentially targets peripheral nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes over central subtypes. Specifically, Vc1.1 is selective for {alpha}3-containing nAChR subtypes. The three-dimensional structure of Vc1.1 comprises a small {alpha}-helix spanning residues Pro6 to Asp11 and is braced by the I-III, II-IV disulfide connectivity seen in other {alpha}-conotoxins. A comparison of the structure of Vc1.1 with other {alpha}-conotoxins, taken together with nAChR selectivity data, suggests that the conserved proline at position 6 is important for binding, whereas a number of residues in the C-terminal portion of the peptide contribute toward the selectivity. The structure reported here should open new opportunities for further development of Vc1.1 or analogues as analgesic agents