Extracellular incubation with increasingly oxidized ratios of redox couples increased ROS production.

<p>Intracellular ROS measurements in primary cultured hepatocytes treated with A) 20 mM total active ketone bodies (-355 mV = 2:1 d-βOHB:Acoc; -346 mV = 1:1 d-βOHB:Acoc; -337 mV = 1:2 d-βOHB:Acoc), B) 200 μM cysteine (cysteine + cystine), or C) 110 μM glutathione (reduced + oxidized glutathione). Cells were plated in 24 well plates. Five hours later, the cells were loaded with H₂-DCF-DA for 30 min, rinsed, and then treated with the compounds of interest. Data represent the fluorescence from DCF after 40 min of treatment with the compounds. Data represent avg ± SE of three independent experiments. Different letters indicate statistical significance, ANOVA, Tukey’s posthoc analysis.