Vinpocetine inhibits overt pain-like behavior.

<p>Panel A: mice were treated with vinpocetine (1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle (saline) 1 h before acetic acid i.p. injection (0.6% v/v, diluted in saline). Panels B-C: mice were treated with vinpocetine (30 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle (saline) 1 h before i.p. injection of phenyl-p-benzoquinone (PBQ, 1890 μg/kg in DMSO 2%, v/v, diluted in saline, panel B), or i.pl. injection of formalin (25 μL of 1.5% formalin, v/v in saline, panel C). The cumulative number of writhing was evaluated over 20 min (Panels A-B) and total number of paw flinches (Panel C) were evaluated over 30 min. Results are presented as means ± SEM of 6 mice per group per experiment, and are representative of 2 separate experiments. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with the saline group; #<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to the vehicle group; and ^<i>f</i><i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to the vehicle group and the 1 mg/kg vinpocetine dose. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s <i>t</i> test.