Fabrication of perfusable vascular-like structures by using an electrochemical reaction.

<p>(A) Modification of the multi-needle surface with zwitterionic oligopeptides to mediate endothelial cell adhesion. (B) Placement of the HUVEC-coated needle in a culture chamber. Pouring and gelation of collagen in the chamber. Application of electric potential to transfer HUVECs to the internal surface of the microchannels within the collagen gel and desorption of the molecular layer. (C) Needle removal and culture medium perfusion. (D) Gold-coated multi-needle (9 needles; diameter, 500 μm; pitch, 500 μm; length, 1 cm).