Noise can increase the number of phenotypes accessible by binary networks in high sampling regimes.

<p>Number of unique phenotypes <i>U</i> accessed for different sampling sizes <i>λ</i> and varying degrees of noise <i>σ</i>, for (A) random networks and (B) networks pre-selected for stability. Networks are binary, <i>W</i>_<i>b</i>, network size <i>N</i> = 4, number of gene expression states <i>k</i> = 3, <i>s</i>_off = 0, maximum of <i>T</i> = 100 iterations. Horizontal dashed lines represent the size of phenotype space, _<i>max</i> = <i>k</i>^<i>N</i> = 81. Vertical dashed lines represent the size of genotype space, 2^<i>N</i>² = 65536. Diagonal dashed lines represent discovery rate without redundancy and overlap, where every new sample yields a new phenotype, i. e. = <i>λ</i>.